- MSC exosomes cross the blood-brain barrier to deliver therapy.
- These exosomes release growth factors essential for nerve cell renewal.
- The treatment helps calm brain inflammation and reduces amyloid plaque growth.
- Animal studies showed improved memory and better cognitive performance.
- Clinical trials on humans are in early stages but show promise.
Alzheimer’s disease is the most common form of neurodegeneration, leading to memory loss and behavioral changes. It is also characterized by the buildup of amyloid beta plaques and tangles of misfolded tau proteins in the brain.
Numerous animal studies have shown promising results in potential treatments. While mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) themselves cannot effectively cross the blood-brain barrier, they release packages of molecules called exosomes, which are able to do so. These exosomes serve as the primary means of communication between cells.
In one rat study, exosomes derived from MSCs increased the production of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and nerve growth factor (NGF). Both BDNF and NGF are essential for the growth and development of neural stem cells into nerve cells, as well as for overall brain function. NGF also has neuroprotective properties, helping to prevent nerve cell degradation and promoting the formation of connections between nerve cells and other cell types.
Excessive inflammation, driven by overactive proinflammatory molecules, can contribute to neuronal decline in Alzheimer’s disease. Exosomes from MSCs have been shown to reduce the expression of these harmful molecules. In addition, MSCs secrete amino acids that bind to amyloid beta plaques, temporarily blocking the active binding sites and slowing further plaque growth.
Another mouse study found that animals treated with MSC-derived exosomes performed significantly better in cognitive tests—such as maze navigation and object recognition—compared to control groups. The treated mice also exhibited lower concentrations of amyloid beta plaques in their brains.
Although human clinical trials are still in their early stages, initial results are encouraging. Most patients have not reported severe adverse effects, and one trial noted a significant reduction in proinflammatory molecules, consistent with findings from animal studies. However, these trials have so far involved small sample sizes. More extensive and well-controlled studies are necessary to fully assess long-term effects and therapeutic potential. While animal models have demonstrated promise, further clinical trials are essential to confirm the benefits in humans.
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